Speeches

 To accompany PhilpotNew U1.7 (pp 34-42) 

* Philpot  (Old) U 4.1 Propaganda (Handout, see Tera)

To accompany task 7.5

Chocolate Biscuits by TeachingHeads: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAusakvsFLQ (13:57)

satire = the use of humour, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.

parody = an imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect.

pastiche = an artistic work in a style that imitates that of another work, artist, or period.

spoof = a humorous imitation of something, typically a film or a particular genre of film, in which its characteristic features are exaggerated for comic effect.

(You can google for examples.)

PhilpotNew p 41 Task 7.6 changed (this helps you towards Paper 1, and possibly your IO)

1) You plan a speech (The task in the book says 5-8 min, but I guess ~5 min is plenty.)

2) A classmate criticises your plan: What's the occasion? Who's in the audience? Why this topic? What's your aim / the purpose of your speech?

3) You write the speech - after writing for 15-20 min, deliver that part to a classmate to find out how much text you need to create for speaking for a minute, for example. Peer criticism might be useful here, too.

4) You write it. You fine-tune it. You make it even better. You try it out on somebody, preferably somebody else, not the same person than before. Peer criticism and improving the speech follows.

5) You add annotations to the speech (what kind of rhetorical devices you have included, why, to what effect, etc.)

6) Besides having a copy of all stages of the work in your portfolio, you also hand it in, and are ready to present it to class, too.

There will be no official grading, but definitely some feedback.

What to analyse besides language while listening to a speech (not necessarily in this order):

1) voice: tone, loudness, irregularities

2) pauses

3) body language

4) interaction with and engaging the audience: eye contact, direct questions, reacting to what the audience does / says

5) relevance of the topic, argument, examples and jokes to the audience

Great sources of speeches:

http://www.americanrhetoric.com/

http://artofmanliness.com/2008/08/01/the-35-greatest-speeches-in-history/

https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/c.php?g=28389&p=174563

What rhetoric is: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric

How to make a good speech:

https://www.lovelearningtutors.com/main-blog/2018/4/30/how-to-write-a-speech-english-gcse-exam

http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Speech.html

http://www.ehow.com/how_2303815_write-good-speech.html

How to analyse a speech: 

http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/speech-evaluation-1-how-to-study-critique-speech/

Persuasive language:

http://changingminds.org/techniques/language/persuasive/persuasive.htm

http://www.slideshare.net/Mrsorneville/what-is-persuasive-language-1

Propaganda:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four

Full text of the book: http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100021.txt

Media Persuasion Techniques:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJi5qa4CTb0

There is a wonderful playlist for persuasion techniques and propaganda, some better bits here:

Propaganda Techniques:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pw8mQFCfGxE&feature=related

Old Major's speech from Animal Farm by Orwell

The text of the speech:

https://www.marxists.org/subject/art/literature/children/texts/orwell/animal-farm/ch01.htm

(The speech is a bit longer than the extract I provided you with, so check the link here!)

Discussion:

How many of the rhetorical devices can you find? Annotate the speech for the following:

rhetorical questions,

literary allusions,

uniting the audience,

a main idea,

clear next steps offered to the listeners,

use of metaphor

repetition

How does Old Major use emotional appeal to persuade the animals to believe that man is their enemy? Consider the various rhetorical devices used (diction, imagery, syntax, figurative language, etc.) to make Old Major’s argument effective for his audience.

Substantiate observations with specific examples from the text. Remember the PEA rule!

Bits and pieces of analysis:

https://crystalsungbookreviews.wordpress.com/2016/05/23/animal-farm-by-george-orwell-analysis-of-old-majors-speech/

http://literatureessaysamples.com/old-majors-speech-a-rhetorical-analysis/

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/a/animal-farm/character-analysis/old-major

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zqxhn39/revision/2

https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/animalfarm/section1/

Literary devices (including allusion): http://literary-devices.com/content/allusion

Borrowing from a source that has since vanished:

To effectively analyze an argument, you must learn to recognize the three classical strategies of argumentation:  logical appeal, emotional appeal, and ethical appeal.  The better arguments rely on a judicious use of all three appeals, and a persuasive writer knows when to use each in order to accomplish an intended purpose.

     In addition to the appeals, though, astute readers learn to analyze the style of an argument—the diction, imagery, syntactical patterns, figurative language, or any other devices of language that authors use to persuade their audience.  These language devices are often referred to as rhetorical devices.

     The word rhetoric, at its most basic level, simply means language that effectively accomplishes its purpose.  In persuasion, of course, that purpose is to convince the audience that the writer’s opinion or position is the correct one.

     An emotional appeal is an appeal to pathos, which in Greek loosely translates to “pain.”  Most people respond to emotion, but the writer must be careful to use this appeal wisely and fairly.  The writer’s aim should not be to manipulate the reader through emotions but to appeal to needs that all humans have in common:

physical needs (life and health)

psychological needs (a person’s need for love and respect)

social needs (the need for freedom, for respect, for acceptance)